X.25
 
 
- X.25 builds VC between source and destination for each user connection
- Per-hop control along path
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- error control (with retransmissions) on each hop using LAP-B
- variant of the HDLC protocol 
 
- per-hop flow control using credits
- congestion arising at intermediate node propagates to previous node on path
- back to source via  back pressure 
 
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