Binary representation

Unsigned binary

Non-negative values

Signed magnitude

Reserve one particular bit for the sign.

Sign bit: If msb is 0, then positive value, if msb is 1, then negative value.

One's complement

Negate (flip) each bit.

Two's complement

1. flip all bits

2. add 1 (ignoring any carry out of the msb)

Excess/bias

Add K to the number

Convert to unsigned binary

Binary coded decimal (BCD)

uses unsigned binary to represent each decimal digit.