• Kernel Foveated Rendering
  Xiaoxu Meng, Ruofei Du, and Amitabh Varshney
  To appear in the Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 2018 (PACM on CGIT 2018)
  To be presented on 2018 ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games (I3D 2018)
  
  
• Montage4D: Interactive Seamless Fusion of Multiview Video Textures
  Ruofei Du, Ming Chuang, Wayne Chang, Hugues Hoppe, and Amitabh Varshney
  To appear in the Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games (I3D 2018)
  
  
• Spatial Mnemonics Using Virtual Reality
  Eric Krokos, Catherine Plaisant, and Amitabh Varshney
  To appear in 2018 the 2nd International Conference on Virtual and Augmented Reality Simulations (ICVARS 2018)
  
  

• Winnow: Interactive Visualization of Temporal Changes in Multidimensional Clinical Data.
  Hsueh-Chien Cheng, Rainer von Coelln, Ann L Gruber-Baldini, Lisa M Shulman, and Amitabh Varshney
  Proceedings of the 8th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, and Health Informatics.
  
  
• Interactive Exploration of Microstructural Features in Gigapixel Microscopy Images.
  Hsueh-Chien Cheng, Antonio Cardone, and Amitabh Varshney
  Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 2017
  
  
• Deep-learning-assisted Visualization for Live-Cell Images.
  Hsueh-Chien Cheng, Antonio Cardone, Eric Krokos, Bogdan Stoica, Alan Faden, and Amitabh Varshney
  Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 2017
  
  
• Volume Segmentation Using Convolutional Neural Networks With Limited Training Data.
  Hsueh-Chien Cheng and Amitabh Varshney
  Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 2017.
  
  
• Tracking Fluctuation Hotspots on the Yeast Ribosome Through the Elongation Cycle.  preprint
  Suna P. Gulay, Sujal Bista, Amitabh Varshney, Serdal Kirmizialtin, Karissa Y. Sanbonmatsu, and Jonathan D. Dinman
  Nucleic Acids Research
  Vol. 1, No. 1, Feb. 2017, pp 1-13.
  
  
• Kinetic Depth Images: Flexible Generation of Depth Perception.  video  preprint
  Sujal Bista, caro Lins Leitão da Cunha, and Amitabh Varshney
  The Visual Computer
  Vol. 1, No. 1, May. 2016, pp 1-13.
  
  
• Social Street View: Blending Immersive Street Views with Geo-Tagged Social Media.  video  slides  preprint
  Ruofei Du and Amitabh Varshney
  Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Web3D Technology
  Aug. 2016, pp 77-85.
  ACM Web3D 2016
  Best Paper Award  News
  
  
• Video Fields: Fusing Multiple Surveillance Videos into a Dynamic Virtual Environment.  video  slides  preprint
  Ruofei Du, Sujal Bista, and Amitabh Varshney
  Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Web3D Technology
  Aug. 2016, pp 165-172.
  ACM Web3D 2016
  

• Visual Knowledge Discovery for Diffusion Kurtosis Datasets of the Human Brain.  youtube  code
  Sujal Bista, Jiachen Zhuo, Rao P. Gullapalli, and Amitabh Varshney
  Visualization and Processing of Higher Order Descriptors for Multi-Valued Data
  Vol. 1, No. 1, July. 2015, pp 213-234.
  
  
• Visualization of Brain Microstructure through Spherical Harmonics Illumination of High Fidelity Spatio-Angular Fields.  youtube  code  mp4
  Sujal Bista, Jiachen Zhuo, Rao P. Gullapalli, and Amitabh Varshney
  IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
  Vol. 20, No. 12, Dec. 2014, pp 2516-2525.
  IEEE SciVis
  Best Paper Award
  
  
• Using GPUs for realtime prediction of optical forces on microsphere ensembles  youtube  video
  Sujal Bista, Sagar Chowdhury, Satyandra. K. Gupta, and Amitabh Varshney
  ASME Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering
  Vol. 13, No. 3, Apr 2013, pp 031002.
  
  
• Parallel Geometric Classification of Stem Cells by their 3D Morphology
  D. Juba, A. Cardone, C. Y. Ip, C. G. Simon Jr., C. K. Tison, G. Kumar, M. Brady, and A. Varshney
  Computational Science & Discovery
  Vol. 6, No. 1, 015007, 2013.
  
  
• PixelPie: Maximal Poisson-disk Sampling with Rasterization  video  code
  C.Y. Ip, M.A. Yalcin, D. Luebke and A. Varshney
  High-Performance Graphics
  2013, pp 17 - 26.
  
  

• Hierarchical Exploration of Volumes Using Multilevel Segmentation of the Intensity-Gradient Histograms  video  code
  C.Y. Ip, A. Varshney, and J. JaJa
  IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
  Vol. 18, No. 12, 2012, pp 2355 - 2363.
  IEEE SciVis
  Best Paper Award
  
  
  
• Using GPUs for Realtime Prediction of Optical Forces on Microsphere Ensembles
  S. Bista, S. Chowdhury, S.K. Gupta, and A. Varshney
  ASME Computers and Information in Engineering Conference
  August 2012.
  Best Paper Award
  
  
• Speeding Up Particle Trajectory Simulations under Moving Force Fields using GPUs
  R. Patro, J.P. Dickerson, S. Bista, S.K. Gupta, and A. Varshney
  ASME Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering
  Vol. 12, 021006, 2012.
  
  
• Saliency-Assisted Navigation of Very Large Landscape Images  video  code
  C.Y. Ip, and A. Varshney
  IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
  Vol. 17, No. 12, 2011, pp 1737 - 1746.
  IEEE Visualization
  Honorable Mention for the Best Paper Award
  
  
• MDMap : A System for Data-Driven Layout and Exploration of Molecular Dynamics Simulations  video
  R. Patro, C.Y. Ip, S. Bista, S.S. Cho, D. Thirumalai, and A. Varshney
  IEEE Symposium on Biological Data Visualization
  October 2011.
  
  
• Salient Frame Detection for Molecular Dynamics Simulations
  Y. Kim, R. Patro, C.Y. Ip, D. P. O'Leary, A. Anishkin, S. Sukharev, and A. Varshney
  Scientific Visualization: Interactions, Features, Metaphors, Dagstuhl Follow-Ups
  Vol. 2, 2011, pp 160 - 175
  
  
• A Robust and Rotationally Invariant Local Surface Descriptor with Applications to Non-local Mesh Processing
  A. Maximo, R. Patro, A. Varshney, and R. Farias
  Graphical Models
  Vol. 73, No. 5, 2011, pp 231 - 242.
  
  
• Social Snapshot: A system for temporally coupled social photography  video
  R. Patro, C.Y. Ip, S. Bista, and A. Varshney
  IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
  Vol. 31, No. 1, 2011, pp 74 - 84.
  
  

• Saliency Guided Summarization of Molecular Dynamics Simulations  (BibTex)
  R. Patro, C.Y. Ip, and A. Varshney
  Scientific Visualization: Advanced Concepts, Dagstuhl Follow-Ups
  Vol. 1, 2010, pp 321 - 335.
  
  
• Mesh Saliency and Human Eye Fixations  (BibTex)
  Y. Kim, A. Varshney, D. Jacobs, and F.Guimbretiere
  ACM Transactions on Applied Perception
  Vol. 7, No. 2, 2010, pp 1 - 13.
  
  
• Salient Clustering for View-dependent Multiresolution Rendering  (BibTex)
  R. Barni, J.L.D. Comba, and A. Varshney
  SIBGRAPI
  2009.
  
  
• Modeling and Visualization of Human Activities for Multicamera Networks  (BibTex)
  A. Sankaranarayanan, R. Patro, P. Turaga, A. Varshney, and R. Chellappa
  EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing
  Vol. 2009, 2009.
  
  
• Saliency-Guided Lighting  (BibTex)
  C. H. Lee., Y. Kim, and A. Varshney
  IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems
  Vol. E92-D, No. 2, 2009, pp 369 - 373.
  
  
  
• Using Graphics Processors for High-Performance Computation and Visualization of Plasma Turbulence  (BibTex)
  G. Stantchev, D. Juba, W. Dorland, and A. Varshney
  IEEE Computing in Science and Engineering
  Vol. 11, No. 2, 2009, pp 52 - 59.
  
  

• Parallel Stochastic Measurement of Molecular Surface Area  (BibTex)  code
  D. Juba and A. Varshney
  Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling
  Vol. 27, No. 1, August 2008, pp 82 - 87.
  
  
• Confluent Volumetric Visualization of Gyrokinetic Turbulence  (BibTex)
  G. Stantchev, D. Juba, W. Dorland, and A. Varshney
  IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
  Vol. 36, No. 4, August 2008, pp 1112 - 1113.
  
  
• Persuading Visual Attention through Geometry  (BibTex)
  Y. Kim and A. Varshney
  IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
  Vol. 14, No. 4, July 2008, pp 772 - 782.
  
  
• Modelling and Rendering Large Volume Data with Gaussian Radial Basis Functions  
  Derek Juba and Amitabh Varshney
  Tech. Rep. UMIACS-TR-2007-22, University of Maryland, College Park
  2007.
  
  
• High-throughput sequence alignment using Graphics Processing Units  (BibTex)
  M. C. Schatz, C. Trapnell, A. L. Delcher, and A. Varshney
  BMC Bioinformatics
  Vol. 8: 474, December 2007.
  
  
• On Implementing Graph Cuts on CUDA  (BibTex)
  Mohamed Hussein, Amitabh Varshney, and Larry Davis
  First Workshop on General Purpose Processing on Graphics Processing Units
  October 2007.
  
  
• An Efficient and Scalable Parallel Algorithm for Out-of-core Isosurface Extraction and Rendering  (BibTex)
  Q. Wang, J. JaJa, and A. Varshney
  Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
  Vol. 67, No. 5, May 2007, pp 592 - 603.
  
  
• A Fast All-Nearest-Neighbor Algorithm for Applications Involving Large Point-Clouds  (BibTex)
  J. Sankaranarayanan, H. Samet, and A. Varshney
  Computers and Graphics
  Vol. 31, No. 2, April 2007, pp 157 - 174.
  Best Paper of the Year Award, Computers and Graphics Journal, 2007
  
  

• Geometry-guided Computation of 3D Electrostatics for Large Biomolecules  (BibTex)
  X. Hao and A. Varshney
  Journal of Computer-aided Geometric Design
  Vol. 23, No. 6, August 2006, pp 545 - 557.
  
  
• Saliency-guided Enhancement for Volume Visualization  (BibTex)
  Y. Kim and A. Varshney
  IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (IEEE Visualization)
  Vol. 12, No. 5, September 2006, pp 925 - 932.
  
  
• Vertex-Transformation Streams  (BibTex)
  Y. Kim, C. H. Lee, and A. Varshney
  Graphical Models
  Vol 68, No. 4, July 2006, pp 371 - 383.
  
  
• A Fast k-Neighborhood Algorithm for Large Point Clouds
  J. Sankaranarayanan, H. Samet, and A. Varshney
  Proceedings of the Symposium on Point-Based Graphics
  July 29 - 30, 2006, Boston, MA
  
  
• An Efficient and Scalable Parallel Algorithm for Out-of-Core Isosurface Extraction and Rendering
  Q. Wang, J. JaJa, and A. Varshney
  Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS'06)
  April 25 - 29, 2006, Rhodes Island, Greece
  
  
• Geometry-dependent Lighting  (BibTex)
  C. H. Lee, X. Hao and A. Varshney
  IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
  Vol 12, No. 2, March 2006, pp 197 - 207.
  
  
• Mesh Saliency  (BibTex)
  C. H. Lee, A. Varshney, and D. Jacobs
  ACM Transactions on Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2005)
  Vol 24, No 3, August 2005, pp 659 - 666.
  
  
• Statistical Geometry Representation for Efficient Transmission and Rendering  (BibTex)
  A. Kalaiah and A. Varshney
  ACM Transactions on Graphics
  Vol 24, No 2, April 2005, pp 348 - 373
  
  
• Unsupervised Learning Applied to Progressive Compression of Time-Dependent Geometry  (BibTex)
  T. Baby, Y. Kim, and A. Varshney
  Computers and Graphics
  Vol 29, No 3, June 2005, pp 451 - 461
  
  
• Computing and Displaying Intermolecular Negative Volume for Docking  (BibTex)
  C. H. Lee and A. Varshney
  Scientific Visualization: The Visual Extraction of Knowledge from Data
  Editors: G.-P. Bonneau, T. Ertl, G. M. Nielson, Springer-Verlag, 2005, ISBN: 3-540-26066-8
  
  

• Light Collages: Lighting Design for Feature-Enhanced Visualization  (BibTex)
  C. H. Lee, X. Hao, and A. Varshney
  IEEE Visualization '04
  October 10 - 15, 2004, Austin, TX, pp 281 - 288.
  
  
• Efficient Solution of Poisson-Boltzmann Equation for Electrostatics of Large Molecules  (BibTex)
  X. Hao and A. Varshney
  High-Performance Computing Symposium
  April 18 - 22, 2004, Arlington, VA, pp 71 - 76.
  
  
• Real-Time Visualization of Large Time-Varying Molecules  (BibTex)
  X. Hao, A. Varshney, and S. Sukharev
  High-Performance Computing Symposium
  April 18 - 22, 2004, Arlington, VA, pp 109 - 114.
  
  
• Real-Time Rendering of Translucent Meshes  (BibTex)
  X. Hao and A. Varshney
  ACM Transactions on Graphics
  Vol 23, No 2, April 2004, pp 120 - 142
  
  
• Statistical Point Geometry  video  (BibTex)
  A. Kalaiah and A. Varshney
  Eurographics Symposium on Geometry Processing
  Editors: L. Kobbelt, P. Schroeder, H. Hoppe
  June 23 - 25, 2003, Aachen, Germany, pp 107 - 115.
  
  
• Interactive Subsurface Scattering for Translucent Meshes  video  (BibTex)
  X. Hao, T. Baby, and A. Varshney
  ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics
  April 28 - 30, 2003, Monterey, CA, pp 75 - 82.
  
  
• Modeling and Rendering of Points with Local Geometry  (BibTex)
  A. Kalaiah and A. Varshney
  IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
  Vol. 9, No. 1, January 2003, pp 30 - 42.
  
  

• Hierarchical Image-based and Polygon-based Rendering for Large-Scale Visualizations  (BibTex)
  C. Chang, Z. Li, A. Varshney, and Q. J. Ge
  Hierarchical and Geometric Methods in Scientific Visualization , Springer Series: Mathematics and Visualization,
  Editors H. Hagen, G. Farin, and B. Hamann,
  ISBN 3-540-43313-9, pages 329 - 346, 2002.
  
  
• Level of Detail for 3D Graphics  (BibTex)
  D. Luebke, M. Reddy, J. Cohen, A. Varshney, B. Watson, and R. Huebner
  Morgan-Kaufmann, Inc.
  
  
• A Real-Time Seamless Tiled Display for 3D Graphics  (BibTex)
  Z. Li and A. Varshney
  Proceedings, Seventh Annual Symposium on Immersive Projection Technology (IPT 2002)
  March 24 - 25, 2002, Orlando, FL
  
  
• Representing Thermal Vibrations and Uncertainty in Molecular Surfaces  (BibTex)
  C. H. Lee and A. Varshney
  Proceedings SPIE Conference on Visualization and Data Analysis
  January 20 - 25, 2002, San Jose, CA
  
  
• Differential Point Rendering  video  (BibTex)
  A. Kalaiah and A. Varshney
  Rendering Techniques '01
  editors S. J. Gortler and K. Myszkowski, Springer-Verlag, August 2001, pp. 139 - 150.
  
  
• Variable-Precision Rendering  (BibTex)
  X. Hao and A. Varshney
  Proceedings, ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics
  March 19 - 21, 2001, Research Triangle Park, NC, pp 149 - 158
  
  
• Haptic and Aural Rendering of a Virtual Milling Process  (BibTex)
  C. Chang, A. Varshney, and Q. J. Ge
  Proceedings, ASME Sixth Design for Manufacturing Conference
  Sept 9 - 12, 2001, Pittsburgh, PA, DETC2001/DFM21170.
  
  

• Continously-Adaptive Haptic Rendering  (BibTex)
  J. El-Sana and A. Varshney
  Virtual Environments 2000
  editors J. Mulder and R. van Liere, Springer-Verlag, 2000, pp. 135 - 144
  
  
• Efficiently Computing and Updating Triangle Strips for Real-Time Rendering  (BibTex)
  J. El-Sana, F. Evans, A. Kalaiah, A. Varshney, S. Skiena, and E. Azanli
  Computer-Aided Design
  Vol. 32, No. 13, Nov 2000, pp 753 - 772
  
  
• Hierarchical Rendering for Large-scale Visualizations  (BibTex)
  C. Chang, A. Varshney, Q. J. Ge
  Proceedings of the NSF/DoE Lake Tahoe Workshop on Hierarchical Approximation and Geometrical Methods for Scientific Visualization
  Tahoe City, CA, Oct 15 - 17, 2000
  
  
• Skip Strips: Maintaining Triangle Strips for View Dependent Rendering  (BibTex)
  J. El-Sana, E. Azanli, and A. Varshney
  IEEE Visualization '99
  Oct 24 - 29, 1999, San Francisco, CA, pp 131 - 138.
  
  
• Generalized View-Dependent Simplification  (BibTex)
  J. El-Sana and A. Varshney
  Computer Graphics Forum (Eurographics '99)
  Volume 18, Number 3, 1999, pp 83 - 94
  
  
• View-Dependent Topology Simplification  (BibTex)
  J. El-Sana and A. Varshney
  Virtual Environments '99
  editors M. Gervautz, A. Hildebrand, D. Schmalstieg, Springer-Verlag, 1999, pp 11 - 22
  
  

• Topology Simplification for Polygonal Virtual Environments  (BibTex)
  J. El-Sana and A. Varshney
  IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
  Vol. 4, No. 2, June 1998, pp 133 - 144
  
  
• Walkthroughs of Complex Environments using Image-Based Simplification  (BibTex)
  L. Darsa, B. Costa, and A. Varshney
  Computers and Graphics
  Vol. 22, No. 1, January 1998, pp 25 - 34
  
  
• Controlled Simplification of Genus for Polygonal Models  (BibTex)
  J. El-Sana and A. Varshney
  Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization '97
  Oct 19 - Oct 24, 1997, Phoenix, AZ, pp 403 - 412
  
  
• Enabling Virtual Reality for Large-Scale Mechanical CAD Datasets  (BibTex)
  A. Varshney, J. El-Sana, F. Evans, L. Darsa, B. Costa, and S. Skiena
  Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference
  DETC97/DFM-4371, September 14 - 17, 1997, Sacramento, CA
  
  
• Adaptive Real-Time Level-of-detail-based Rendering for Polygonal Models  (BibTex)
  J. Xia, J. El-Sana, and A. Varshney
  IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
  Vol. 3, No. 2, June 1997, pp 171 - 183
  
  
• CollabCAD: A Toolkit for Integrated Synchronous and Asynchronous Sharing of CAD Applications  (BibTex)
  P. Mishra, A. Varshney, and A. Kaufman
  Proceedings of the TeamCAD '97
  May 12 - 13, 1997, Atlanta, GA, pp 131 - 137
  
  
• Navigating Static Environments Using Image-Space Simplification and Morphing  (BibTex)
  L. Darsa, B. Costa, and A. Varshney
  Proceedings of the Symposium on 3D Interactive Graphics
  April 27 - 30, 1997, Providence, RI, pp 25 - 34
  
  

• Dynamic View-Dependent Simplification for Polygonal Models  (BibTex)
  J. Xia and A. Varshney
  Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization '96
  Oct 27 - Nov 1, 1996, San Francisco, CA, pp 327 - 334
  
  
• Optimizing Triangle Strips for Fast Rendering  (BibTex)
  F. Evans, S. Skiena, and A. Varshney
  Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization '96
  Oct 27 - Nov 1, 1996, San Francisco, CA, pp 319 - 326
  
  
• FINESSE: A Financial Information Spreadsheet  (BibTex)
  A. Varshney and A. Kaufman
  Proceedings of the Information Visualization '96
  Oct 28 - 29, 1996, San Francisco, CA, pp 70 - 71
  
  
• Simplification Envelopes  (BibTex)
  J. Cohen, A. Varshney, D. Manocha, G. Turk, H. Weber, P. Agarwal, F. P. Brooks, Jr. and W. V. Wright
  SIGGRAPH 96 Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH
  Aug 4 - 9, 1996, New Orleans, LA, pp 119 - 128
  
  
• Stripe: A Software Tool For Efficient Triangle Strips  (BibTex)
  F. Evans, S. Skiena and A. Varshney
  Visual Proceedings, ACM SIGGRAPH
  Aug 4 - 9, 1996, New Orleans, LA, pp 153
  
  
• Controlled Topology Simplification  (BibTex)
  T. He, L. Hong, A. Varshney, and S. Wang
  IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
  Vol. 2, No. 2, June 1996, pp 171 - 184
  
  
• Defining, Computing, and Visualizing Molecular Interfaces  (BibTex)
  A. Varshney, F. P. Brooks, Jr., D. C. Richardson, W. V. Wright, and D. Manocha
  Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization '95
  Oct 29 - Nov 3, 1995, Atlanta, GA, pp 36 - 43
  
  
• Voxel-Based Object Simplification  (BibTex)
  T. He, L. Hong, A. Kaufman, A. Varshney, and S. Wang
  Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization '95
  Oct 29 - Nov 3, 1995, Atlanta, GA, pp 296 - 303
  
  

• Evaluating Surface Intersections in Lower Dimensions  (BibTex)
  D. Manocha, A. Varshney, and H. Weber
  Curves and Surfaces in Geometric Design
  editors P. J. Laurent, A. Le Mehaute, and L. L. Schumaker, A. K. Peters, Ltd., pp 327 - 334, 1994.
  
  
• Linearly Scalable Computation of Smooth Molecular Surfaces  (BibTex)
  A. Varshney, F. P. Brooks, Jr., and W. V. Wright
  IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
  Sept 1994, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp 19 - 25
  
  
• Interactive Visualization of Weighted Three-dimensional Alpha Hulls  (BibTex)
  A. Varshney, F. P. Brooks, Jr., and W. V. Wright
  Third Annual Video Review of Computational Geometry in Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry
  Stony Brook, NY, June 6 - 8, 1994, pp 395 - 396
  
  
• Fast Analytical Computation of Richards's Smooth Molecular Surface  (BibTex)
  A. Varshney and F. P. Brooks, Jr.
  Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization '93
  Oct 25 - 29, 1993, San Jose, CA, pp 300 - 307.
  
  
• An Environment-Projection Approach to Radiosity for Mesh-Connected Computers  (BibTex)
  A. Varshney and J. F. Prins
  Proceedings of the Third Eurographics Workshop on Rendering
  Bristol, England, May 17 - 20, 1992, pp 271 - 281
  
  
• Real-Time Procedural Textures  (BibTex)
  J. Rhoades, G. Turk, A. Bell, A. State, U. Neumann, and A. Varshney
  Computer Graphics
  Vol. 25, No. 2, 1992, pp 95 - 100.